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Long before Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsberg earned their positions on the Supreme Court, they were preceded in their goal of legal excellence by several intrepid trailblazers. In Rebels at the Bar, prize-winning legal historian Jill Norgren recounts the life stories of a small group of nineteenth century women who were among the first female attorneys in the United States. Beginning in the late 1860s, these determined rebels pursued the radical ambition of entering the then all-male profession of law. They were motivated by a love of learning. They believed in fair play and equal opportunity. They desired recognition as professionals and the ability to earn a good living. Through a biographical approach, Norgren presents the common struggles of eight women first to train and to qualify as attorneys, then to practice their hard-won professional privilege. Their story is one of nerve, frustration, and courage. This first generation practiced civil and criminal law, solo and in partnership. The women wrote extensively and lobbied on the major issues of the day, but the professional opportunities open to them had limits. They never had the opportunity to wear the black robes of a judge. They were refused entry into the lucrative practices of corporate and railroad law. Although male lawyers filled legislatures and the Foreign Service, presidents refused to appoint these early women lawyers to diplomatic offices and the public refused to elect them to legislatures. Rebels at the Bar expands our understanding of both women’s rights and the history of the legal profession in the nineteenth century. It focuses on the female renegades who trained in law and then, like men, fought considerable odds to create successful professional lives. In this engaging and beautifully written book, Norgren shares her subjects’ faith in the art of the possible. In so doing, she ensures their place in history.
- Sales Rank: #1413030 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-04-15
- Released on: 2013-04-15
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"Norgren has assembled and rendered accessible an impressive array of pioneering women." -Women's Review of Books
“Norgren’s stories show that the fight for women’s equality can never be defined by a single, central goal, for while these women’s lives were deeply entwined with the fight for suffrage, their efforts were fueled by and helped to spark reform in a wide range of social justice movements. These biographies, with all their intimate detail and individuality, also reminds us that, while feminist efforts are often characterized as a series of overarching waves, bounded by certain moments in time, the fight for equality is not propelled by some tidal force but by the resolve and practice of women and progressive men who are linked across history by their actions.”-, Journal of American Culture
"Her history and biography have produced a valuable study that transcends disciplinary boundaries and should have wide appeal outside academia."-,Law and Society Review
"Bold, brave women with musical old-fashioned names—Myra, Clara, Belva, Lelia, Lavinia—are among the subjects of this lively and readable account of the first women lawyers. Some were famous in their times, but all were forgotten until recently when female attorneys started seeking their history, and found a Boswell in Jill Norgren."-Barbara Babcock,Judge John Crown Professor of Law, Emerita, Stanford Law School
"Even after practicing law for 30 years I found this book fascinating."-Joan M. Burda, NY Journal of Books
"engaging and beautifully written book"-,Ms. JD Book Series
"Rebellion was not on the minds of the extraordinary, first-generation female lawyers portrayed in Jill Norgren's engaging history, Rebels at the Bar...More than just a biography, Norgren's book also provides a snapshot of legal history and the professionalization of legal practice in the United States....Norgren's thorough footnotes and extensive bibliography attest to the depth of research informing the book. She places the lives of these women in the context of nineteenth century America, where they attempted to build their practices and institute social and legal reforms."-Christine K. Dulaney,Law Library Journal
"Shedding light on a little-known chapter of American history and the women who blazed the trail for today's attorneys, this will be most enjoyed by students of history, women's studies, and law, along with interested general readers."-,Library Journal
"Intriguing and enriching, Norgren’s book on the first generation of women lawyers in America offers an in-depth look at the careers of eight notable women...this intersection of legal and feminist history is unquestionably inspiring."-,Publishers Weekly
"Norgren's book will appeal to readers seeking to imagine the lives and work of the earliest women in the legal profession. By portraying women lawyers as ambitious human beings with complicated personal lives and real economic needs, Norgren enables these women's histories to speak to some of our persisting questions about gender, work, family, and professionalism. The book will make a good gift for some aspiring lawyers, helping them see into the struggles of earlier generations and questioning some of their assumptions about the entry of women into the legal profession."-Karen Leroux,Judicature
"I read these stories of the first generation of women lawyers with awe and gratitude. We are all in their debt—and in Jill Norgren's, too, for recovering this forgotten history."-Linda Greenhouse,Knight Distinguished Journalist in Residence and Joseph M. Goldstein Senior Fellow, Yale Law School
"the stories of the lives of this first generation of women lawyers are so rich that they speak for themselves"-,The Federal Lawyer
"In this pathbreaking account, Rebels at the Bar enlarges our understanding of women’s entrance to the legal profession. With telling detail and lively prose, Jill Norgren profiles the courage, resilience, and challenges of America’s first women lawyers. This is a compelling story and essential reading for anyone interested in women’s role in legal history."-Deborah L. Rhode,Ernest W. McFarland Professor of Law, Stanford Law School
"Rebels at the Bar is not just a story of movement. It is the story of individuals and the individual sacrifice they made in order to become lawyers. Next time I have a student who complains about a B+, I plan to recite one of these stories. Success comes with nerve and sacrifice. These women had both."-Laurie L. Levenson ,LA Review of Books
"I have read Ms. Norgren's book with profound gratitude. Being reminded of the brave, intelligent, controversial women who have broke through many barriers a good hundred years before the 1950's has been a fascinating experience."-,Senior Women Web
"[A] conscientious history of the country’s first female lawyers...The women who went first — whose stories Norgren so capably tells — matter deeply to the ones who came after."-Emily Bazelon,The Washington Post
About the Author
Jill Norgren is Professor Emerita of Political Science at John Jay College, and the Graduate Center of The City University of New York. She is the award winning author of many articles and books, including Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President (NYU Press, 2007); The Cherokee Cases; and American Cultural Pluralism and Law (with Serena Nanda).
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Rebels at the Bar: Fascinating, forgotton stories brought to life
By bookworm
Jill Norgren's newest book, Rebels at the Bar, about the pathbreaking accomplishments of the first women lawyers in the United States, more than lives up to its provocative title and engaging cover, a painting of Portia in legal robes. Until the late l9th century there were no women lawyers, and there were many obstacles in the way of women attending law schools, getting admitted to the bar, practicing law, particularly appearing in court, sitting on juries, or influencing public policy regarding the law. Norgren assembles a widely diverse cast of characters, including the women lawyers themselves, and the men who helped them - surprisingly, there were many, in some cases husbands and fathers,but also men who distained them and got in the way, with public condemnations about their "mental unfitness" for the law and the charge that they would make legal practice "too emotional."
In examining the accomplishments and careers of these little known women, including Belva Lockwood, the first woman to be admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court bar - and to ride a bicycle in Washington, D.C. (actually a three wheeler)- Norgren brings to life the work and personal lives, legal practice, and political activism of these fascinating, and largely forgotten women. Since women did not yet have the vote, many of these women combined their law practice with public appearances and writing, both legal texts and popoular journalism, in support of women suffrage. Perhaps surprisingly, these women were highly motivated not just by their high ideals but also by the desire to make a good living and pave the way for others to do the same. Many of the women focused on policy change, such as incorporating a public defender into the justice system, and particularly changes regarding women's control over their own property; many also supported the temperance movement and did charitable work for poor women, children, but also, men in prison. These early women lawyers formed important social networks and official societies, through which they pursued the various goals.
Norgren has a great sense of humor, as did many of her subjects; in spite of the photographs picturing them in buttoned up Victorian dress, most felt comfortable throwing zingers at their opponents in public lectures and in print. While the women's major efforts went into counteracting the prejudices, arrogance, and fear of change which motivated the many obstacles put in their way, there were also discussions of decorum: should a woman arguing before a jury wear a hat? if so, how fashionable should it be? Few followed Belva Lockwood's practice of riding a bicycle and most felt that appearing conventional was an asset in view of their distincly unconventioal aspirations. I don't want to give too much away: the devices and paths these women followed make fascinating reading. Their lives are not only an inspiration but accomplished major changes in the law and political processes of the 20th century United States.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Reclaiming a mostly forgotten history
By Todd Bartholomew
After the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 women began to think differently about their identity and role in society. The patriarchal norms of society relegated most women to chattel, giving them few rights if any. Spurred by the rethinking of their role in society women began to agitate for a participation in non-traditional occupations, such as clergy, physicians, and lawyers. These women were trailblazers and their fascinating histories deserve to be told and recounted as they were truly exceptional women. With "Rebels at the Bar" Jill Norgen seeks to redress that by recounting the exploits of eight women who were amongst the first to break into the legal profession. Sadly these women are hardly household names, nor will most of them be familiar to many historians or legal scholars. They came from a variety of backgrounds and chose to pursue the legal profession for a variety of reasons, some out of desperation to provide for their family, others out of a desire to seek redress through the courts for women, others to fulfill personal ambition. By and large they were seeking to foster societal change, sometimes at great personal cost. In an age when women were marginalized they sought to prove themselves by advocating new ideas and concepts in the field that were often years ahead of eventual precedent. Clara Foltz's efforts at creating a constitutional right to counsel for criminal defendants almost 70 years before the time of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), proving how farsighted she was and how progressive her thinking was. Many of these women clearly were Progressives whose ideas would eventually become legal precedent, but sadly not in their lifetimes. The passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments gave them further ammunition in their efforts as it implied giving women all the privileges of citizenship, but it quickly became clear that women were left out. This lead to most of these legal pioneers putting their energies into women's suffrage that would eventually result in the 19th Amendment extending the franchise to women. Another fascinating subject is Belva Lockwood who overcame mixed family reactions to become a lawyer. Lockwood clearly wouldn't take no for an answer and Norgren provides a great example of this where Lockwood was denied her Juris Doctorate diploma by the National University Law School so she writes an appeal to the university's president ex officio, President Ulysses S. Grant, who orders the diploma be provided to her. Lockwood would go on to battle Congress to be admitted to the United States Supreme Court Bar, a battle she won.
With the exception of Clara Foltz little has been written of these women individually or collectively and "Rebels at the Bar" wonderfully captures these forward thinking women and their struggles for inclusion in society. By turns inspirational, sad, and thought-provoking it will certainly provide greater insight into the Progressive Era and the women working to change society for the better. Reading over "Rebels" I was struck at the parallels women faced with those of the Civil Rights Movement and the recent LGBT struggles for equality. It's sad to think that it took so long for women to gain the franchise and to be accepted in so many occupations. These stories should matter deeply to anyone interested in equal rights and civil liberties.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Fascinating accounts of a woman’s role in U. S. legal history.
By Kathleen McGevna
Jill Norgren’s book is a great book-especially for the aspiring female lawyer. In an age where more than 50% of legal students are female this book is a great reminder of the struggle that women once faced to become recognized legal professionals. Norgren describes the accounts of very different women with very different talents to paint a vivid picture of the difficulties that American women faced in the legal system of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Norgren devotes much of her book to a few specific women:
1. Myra Bradwell-an entrepreneur- is the first of Norgren’s female lawyers. Norgren provides interesting information about this woman who began a successful periodical to discuss social and political issues as well as to address controversial issues. She used her legal news forum as an alter ego that was respected in the greater legal community.
2. Lavinia Goodell-a woman who was a special matriarch- Her story lends itself to wives and mothers despite the irony in that she was not a wife or mother. She was criticized for neglecting a “woman’s talents” and seeking out a professional career and used her career to take on a role as a benefactor and caregiver to others. Norwood does a great job in describing this fascinating woman and the ironies of her life.
3. Belva Lockwood-the activist- Not enough is taught about this woman at the high school or college level. As a former student of Women’s Studies at the university level, I was surprised at how little I knew about this woman. Norwood provides a strong account of a woman who fought an ardent fight on behalf of women, showed little fear when fighting for a cause, was an accomplished professional, and even a candidate for the U.S. presidency-twice. She represented clients that many accomplished lawyers of her time would not have considered. The account of her career is a great history lesson.
4. Clara Foltz-a rebel-Norgren describes a woman who defied social norms of a woman’s place in society and understood that “law was power”. She was a true student of the law and from my perspective after reading her account is an inspirational figure to all women who pursue education despite hardship.
Norgren finishes the book by telling the stories of other women warriors of the legal profession who were a bit more silent in their battle for equal rights for women lawyers. The book is a really great read-packed with history and full of interesting facts.
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